What is the function of carbon filters in water purification?

Carbon filters play a critical role in water purification primarily through the process of adsorption. This involves the attraction and binding of impurities, such as chlorine, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and certain heavy metals, onto the surface of the carbon material. The porous structure of activated carbon provides a large surface area, allowing for effective removal of various contaminants from water.

When water passes through a carbon filter, the contaminants adhere to the carbon particles instead of remaining in the water, leading to cleaner and safer drinking water. This process is highly effective for improving taste and odor, as well as for reducing harmful substances.

Other options describe processes that are not the primary function of carbon filters. For instance, ionic charging and chemical breakdown of contaminants involve different mechanisms that are typically not associated with carbon filtering technology. Distillation, which is mentioned in one of the choices, refers to a process that physically separates water from dissolved minerals and contaminants through boiling and condensation, rather than through adsorption.